This paper characterizes José Celestino Mutis’ appropriation of Newton in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. First, we examine critically traditional accounts of Mutis’ works highlighting, on the one hand, their inadequacy for directing their claims toward the nineteenth-century independence from Spain and, on the other, for not differentiating between Newtonianism and Enlightenment. Next, we portray Mutis’ complex Newtonianism from his own statements and from printed sources, including a variety of works and translations from British, Dutch, and (...) French authors, in addition to a wide range of Newton’s writings, unusual for an eighteenth-century reader in the Americas. Finally, we analyze a salient claim of Mutis’ Newtonianism in order to depict his appropriation and transformation of Newton’s ideas: the characterization of Newtonian experimental physics as a useful science. In so doing, Mutis further developed metaphysical and methodological positions not present in Newton’s works. (shrink)

This paper explores the endeavours of José Celestino Mutis before and during his directorship of the Royal Botanical Expedition to the New Kingdom of Granada. Firstly, it will consider various aspects of Mutis’ activities as a naturalist and entrepreneur, in particular his efforts to promote the identification and commercial exploitation of three natural products associated with the Viceroyalty of New Granada: quina, cinnamon, and tea. Secondly, the paper will focus on the complex dynamics of the expedition’s artistic (...) workshop, whose outcome was the monumental compilation of botanical illustrations known as the Flora de Bogotá. The overall aim is to offer a reflection on the challenges posed by the practices of accumulation and management in the context of a scientific expedition inspired by the new policies of the reformist movement in Spain and designed to make profit out of the nature of the New World and its knowledge. (shrink)

En un periodo de profundos cambios en el sistema internacional, es aún más necesario contar con los marcos de análisis e interpretación adecuados para una comprensión adecuada de su alcance y significado. Esta obra pretende ofrecer una aproximación asequible, pero a la vez exigente y rigurosa, a las principales corrientes y debates teóricos de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales, incluyendo tanto las teorías tradicionales, que siguen ejerciendo una notable influencia, como las aproximaciones más críticas y novedosas que han centrado (...) el debate teórico contemporáneo. Con ese propósito se ha reunido una destacada muestra de especialistas de la escuela española de Relaciones Internacionales, cuyos orígenes y formación son a su vez objeto de estudio. En sus capítulos se examina críticamente el etnocentrismo de una disciplina que no es ajena a la hegemonía estadounidense, material e ideacional, como marco para el estudio de las distintas teorías: el realismo y el institucionalismo, así como los debates y síntesis de sus revisiones neorrealistas y neo-institucionalistas; la Escuela inglesa de la Sociedad internacional, el social-constructivismo, la teoría crítica, el postestructuralismo, y la teoría feminista de las Relaciones Internacionales. El volumen también abarca las teorías de la integración y la seguridad internacional. Todo ello constituye un aporte fundamental para estudiantes e investigadores de este campo científico, así como para quienes, desde la práctica de las relaciones internacionales, aspiren a un conocimiento más reflexivo sobre su quehacer. (shrink)

Entre 1822 et 1824, Micaela Mutis, nièce de Don José Celestino Mutis, mène une intense bataille juridique contre son mari pour obtenir la garde de son enfant illégitime et revendiquer ses droits de citoyenne dans la nouvelle République de Colombie ; paradoxalement, elle est condamnée par le nouvel État en vertu des lois de l’Empire espagnol récemment abandonné. Ce cas, découvert et analysé par l’historienne Aída Martínez Carreño, souligne la nécessité de réinterpréter le rôle des femmes dans (...) l’historiographie colombienne ainsi que la relation entre la vie privée et la vie publique et politique de nombre d’entre elles, qui ont été encouragées à devenir citoyennes grâce à leur engagement pour la cause patriotique. Ces dernières années, des chercheuses tels que Judith González et Martha Lux ont contribué à l’histoire des femmes en Colombie avec des résultats qui discutent et démontrent une fois de plus que le rôle joué par les femmes à cette époque est loin du rôle passif que l’historiographie traditionnelle, majoritairement masculine, leur avait accordé. (shrink)

El sentido del vivir, conferencia por J.A. Orantes.--El sentido del vivir del profesor Orantes, respuesta dada al discurso del señor Orantes por Celestino Castro.

Este artículo examina las figuras del crimen y la sexualidad dentro del cine argentino con el interés de reflexionar sobre el modo en que se construyen imágenes sobre determinados cuerpos en procesos narrativos que exponen a los sujetos representados en contigüidad con ideas del orden cultural. Se trata de procedimientos simbólicos que, al enlazar por medio del registro audiovisual, cuerpos concretos con prácticas y conductas establecen parámetros de reproducción social. La toma de posición de la cámara no repone la pregunta (...) de la pertinencia de adoptar la perspectiva de la víctima o el victimario, sino que implica reflexionar sobre la manera en que la aparición de un rostro y un cuerpo precisos, en multiplicación y contigüidad (con aspectos que conectan imaginariamente la clase, la etnicidad y el género), quedan ligados con una referencialidad que repite o invierte un proceso de afirmación social. Con una metodología que retoma las prácticas del análisis cinematográfico, las herramientas de la historiografía del arte y los planteos de la filosofía política como trasfondo de ciertas preocupaciones teóricas, se desarrollan estas problemáticas desde un recorrido por las nociones sobre el cine de género, algunos filmes contemporáneos que retratan el conurbano y particularmente el cine de José Celestino Campusano. (shrink)

The pedagogical function of science teaching may benefit from an analysis of the historical-epistemic dimension, without neglecting the socio-political context in which a given research was carried out. In the case of DNA structure, the background of its discovery is particularly complex. Starting from the analysis of some papers, the view on the circumstances that led to their drafting broadens. We try to answer the fundamental question for any educator: why teach all that? Ethics issues are related to the general (...) organisation of research, increasingly focused on speed and competition. Even teaching is affected by these dynamics, not only in higher education, but also at secondary level; students should be made aware of this trend. The history of science could therefore favour a more general awareness. _SUNTO_ La funzione pedagogica dell’insegnamento scientifico può trarre vantaggio da un’analisi della dimensione storico-epistemica, senza trascurare il contesto socio-politico nel quale una determinata ricerca è stata condotta. Nel caso della struttura del DNA, i retroscena della sua scoperta sono particolarmente complessi. Dopo l’analisi di alcuni articoli, si allarga gradualmente la vista sulle circostanze che hanno condotto alla loro stesura. Si cerca di rispondere a una domanda fondamentale per ogni educatore: perché insegnare tutto ciò? Le questioni etiche riguardano l’organizzazione generale della ricerca, sempre più tesa alla velocità e alla competizione. Persino l’insegnamento è influenzato da dinamiche simili, non solo in ambito accademico, ma anche a livello secondario; gli studenti dovrebbero essere a conoscenza di questa tendenza. La storia della scienza può dunque favorire una maggiore consapevolezza. (shrink)

Este artículo vincula preocupaciones sociológicas con la propuesta comunitarista de Michael Walzer y las esferas de la justicia. Partiendo de la premisa básica de que no puede existir un criterio distributivo único universal para todas las esferas y de que efectivamente las distintas esferas exigen distintos criterios, se intenta responder la siguiente pregunta: a partir del reconocimiento de ciertas realidades apremiantes del mundo actual, ¿qué ideas de justicia global pueden ser válidas, sobre qué criterios básicos y para qué esferas teniendo (...) en cuenta la diversidad de los bienes sociales? Asimismo, se analizan las esferas del dinero y del poder político y se propone dos estrategias para tratar de alcanzar una justicia global: la Renta Básica Ciudadana en la esfera del dinero y el reconocimiento del Estado plurinacional en la esfera política. This article links up sociological concerns with the communitarian proposal of Michael Walzer and the spheres of justice. Starting from the basic premise that there can be no such thing as a single universal distributive criterion for all the spheres and that effectively all the different spheres require different criteria, this paper tries to answer the following question: Based on the recognition of certain urgent realities in today's world, what ideas of global justice may be valid, on what basic criteria and for which spheres taking into account the diversity of social goods? Likewise, the spheres of money and political power are analyzed and also two strategies to try to achieve global justice are proposed: The Citizen Basic Income in the sphere of money and the recognition of the plurinational State in the political sphere. (shrink)

This book explores the epistemic side of racial and sexual oppression. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from listening to each other.

Since its enactment in AD 313, the Edict of Milan, an edict that freed Christianity from empire-wide persecution, Constantine’s declaration has received a significant amount of attention within Christendom. Most of the discussion has centered on Constantine’s conversion, the precursor to the actual edict, with many suggesting that Constantine was acting more as a politician than a Christian. While this line of inquiry is legitimate, perhaps a better approach to the question may be more helpful to present-day Christians. That is, (...) while it is logical to deduce that every prudent politician will ignore the largest religious movement in his/her time at his/her own peril, Christians of every age will be better served if they critically evaluate their reception of each and every major policy that is clearly aimed at their benefit. With this background, this paper will attempt to critically examine the reception of Constantine’s edict by the Church in the years immediately following its enactment. Two early exhibits will be brought to bear here: the Donatist controversy and the Arian controversy. In so doing, the thesis that while Christians had every reason to celebrate the enactment of the edict, down the road, an uncritical adoption of the emperor’s policies and favors towards the church opened a door for an unhealthy marriage between earthly powers and the church that proved detrimental in the ensuing years, will be defended. As such, the Church’s reception of the Edict of Milan continues to be a lesson to Christians of every age in their relationship with the political leadership of their time. (shrink)

This article attempts primarily to clarify the case of the "People of God" in the world of creation. It addresses the question: What are men and women doing in the world of creation when they claim, "We are a People of God"? This question is raised due to the ever-growing diversity of notions attributed to the phrase "People of God" from which problems of obscure meaning, truth-disclosure, and clear understanding arise. To address these problems, I attempt to reconceptualize and reinterpret (...) the case of the People of God, following the philosophical thoughts of Karl Rahner and Karol Wojtyla , Alfred North Whitehead and Hans-Georg Gadamer . This attempt is needed to know, learn, and understand the reality that goes along with the case of the People of God. The task of reconceptualization and reinterpretation exhibits an ontological hermeneutics of the phrase with the end in view of creating a new paradigm: from universality to universalizability. This clarification of the case of the People of God also suggests a metaecclesiology, which occasions men and women to give a "new expression" to their being a People of God. This "new expression" makes the case of the People of God more relevant to every age. (shrink)

In this concise, witty critical study, Merquior examines Foucault's work on madness, sexuality, and power and offers a provocative assessment of Foucault as a "neo-anarchist." Merquior brings an astonishing breadth of scholarship to bear on his subject as he explores Foucault using insights from a range of fields including philosophy, sociology, and history.

This paper defends a contextualist approach to epistemic injustice according to which instances of such injustice should be looked at as temporally extended phenomena (having developmental and historical trajectories) and socially extended phenomena (being rooted in patterns of social relations). Within this contextualist framework, credibility excesses appear as a form of undeserved epistemic privilege that is crucially relevant for matters of testimonial justice. While drawing on Miranda Fricker's proportional view of epistemic justice, I take issue with its lack of attention (...) to the role that credibility excesses play in testimonial injustices. I depart from Fricker's view of the relation between credibility excesses and credibility deficits, and I offer an alternative account of the contributions that undeserved epistemic privileges make to epistemic injustices. Then, through the detailed analysis of To kill a mockingbird, I elucidate the crucial role played by the social imaginary in creating and sustaining epistemic injustices, developing an analysis of the kind of social blindness produced by an oppressive social imaginary that establishes unjust patterns of credibility excesses and deficits. (shrink)

Depois de estabelecer as características do corpo político ou soberano e destacar a função excepcional do legislador no Livro segundo do Contrato social, e no livro seguinte analisada a incumbência do governo na ordem política, Rousseau, no livro quarto da obra referida, se mobiliza para demonstrar a importância fundamental de algumas instituições para a manutenção dos valores republicanos. Entre as diversas instituições apresentadas pelo filósofo genebrino que visam cumprir esses objetivos, o presente artigo se concentra no exame de três delas: (...) o tribunato, a ditadura e a censura - instituições claramente inspiradas nas instituições romanas no período da Roma republicana. Em vista disso, indagamos: em que consiste o tribunato, a ditadura e a censura no arcabouço teórico de Rousseau? Quais são suas características? Como elas podem contribuir para a conservação da República? Partindo dessas indagações, pretende-se investigar as definições das três instituições elencadas bem como suas particularidades e a maneira como elas operam e podem contribuir para a preservação da República em longo prazo. (shrink)

This book explores the complex ways in which recent cultural discourses on gender and sexuality have found their way into the apparently inflexible structure of romantic comedy.

The just-war framework neatly distinguishes between jus ad bellum, the criteria that address political leaders’ decisions for waging war, and jus in bello, the criteria that address soldiers’ condu...

1 Domains of application 2 Formulating the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction 3 Is there such a thing as nonconceptual content? 4 Developing the account of nonconceptual content .

This Article shows how three modern English thinkers — Hobbes, Locke and Bentham — construe the law as an intersection of secular eternity on the one one hand and transience in modernity on the other, allowing for immovability and movement at the same time, combining stability with change. It details how these theorists, who undoubtedly have earned themselves places of honor in the canon of modern political thought, tried to solve the problem of self-grounding in three different and yet paradigmatically (...) modern ways, each of them intertwining law and time in a different fashion, and each of them connecting both law and temporality to happiness. Thus this Article shows not only that these three British thinkers claim in one way or another that while natural desires may provide pleasure, only the law can bring happiness, but also emphasizes that, in their view, the transformation of the former into the latter entails a transformation of temporal consciousness. Thereby this Article foregrounds two elements that are crucial to an understanding of how seventeenth and eighteenth century British thinkers envisaged the transformation of pleasure into happiness by means of the law: first, the notion that the law creates or reinforces duration in social life, and second, the idea that the law can harness the immediacy of desires by assuring the legal protection of enduring pleasures, which lead to happiness. (shrink)

El artículo propone una contribución al debate contemporáneo sobre el futuro de la educación, enmarcado en las discusiones entre la escuela crítica de J. Habermas y el transhumanismo de S. Sorgner. Se somete a crítica, desde una perspectiva crítica y decolonial, los olvidos y omisiones de las condiciones materiales en las cuales se realizan las relaciones de enseñanza/aprendizaje. En términos metodológicos optamos por una hermenéutica crítica y democrática que nos permitió diseñar un cuadro propositivo de ‘Dimensiones de transformación’. Estas pueden (...) contribuir en la democratización y universalización de las educaciones futuras, a través de la definición de cuatro dimensiones claves: ‘Relaciones con la comunidad y la otredad’, ‘Saberes y sentires éticos y políticos’, ‘Inclusión de agentes invisibilizados’ y ‘Herramientas de transformación social’. (shrink)

Background The Regional Committee for Africa of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2001 expressed concern that some health-related studies undertaken in the Region were not subjected to any form of ethics review. In 2003, the study reported in this paper was conducted to determine which Member country did not have a national research ethics committee (REC) with a view to guiding the WHO Regional Office in developing practical strategies for supporting those countries. Methods This is a descriptive study. The (...) questionnaire was prepared and sent by diplomatic pouch to all the 46 Member States in the WHO African Region, through the WHO country representatives, for facilitation and follow up. The data were entered in Excel spreadsheet and subsequently exported to STATA for analysis. A Chi-Squared test (χ 2) for independence was undertaken to test the relationship between presence/absence of Research Ethics Committee (REC) and selected individual socioeconomic and health variables. Results The main findings were as follows: the response rate was 61% (28/46); 64% (18/28) confirmed the existence of RECs; 36% (10/28) of the respondent countries did not have a REC (although 80% of them reported that they had in place an ad hoc ethical review mechanism); 85% (22/26) of the countries that responded to this question indicated that ethical approval of research proposals was, in principle, required; and although 59% of the countries that had a REC expected it to meet every month, only 44% of them reported that the REC actually met on a monthly basis. In the Chi-Squared test, only the average population in the group of countries with a REC was statistically different (at 5% level of significance) from that of the group of countries without a REC. Conclusion In the current era of globalized biomedical research, good ethics stewardship demands that every country, irrespective of its level of economic development, should have in place a functional research ethics review system in order to protect the dignity, integrity and safety of its citizens who participate in research. (shrink)